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Of particular interest among healthcare workers is knowing if robust immune response is achieved after COVID-19 vaccination for those with history of weak immune response to HBV vaccines.

However, there is a dearth of studies investigated potential risk factors for diminished antibody response among generally healthy cohorts. Studies show certain immunocompromised patient groups such as hemodialysis patients and transplant recipients to have weak antibody responses after COVID-19 vaccines. The mechanism for non-response is unclear, but genetic predisposition, including certain HLA allele types, and immunosenescence are thought to play a key role.

Weak antibody response (HBs antibody titer between 10 and 100 mIU/mL) is also common, and both have been associated with older age, obesity, smoking, male gender, and immunosuppressed states.

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Data from HBV vaccination studies show that roughly 5% of individuals are вЂњnon-respondersвЂќ to HBV vaccination, meaning their immune systems do not elicit protective levels of humoral response (defined as HBs antibody titers of в‰Ґ10 mIU/mL) after receiving a full vaccination course. Vaccine non-response is well studied in HBV and is one of the few vaccines which has recommendations for serological response testing due to primary vaccine failure. One understudied potential risk factor is history of reduced immune response to other vaccines such as the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) vaccine. Understanding the duration and strength of protective immunity against COVID-19 after vaccination and being able to identify who is at risk of reduced humoral response is of paramount importance among healthcare workers who are at the frontlines of the pandemic. cancer patients on chemotherapies, transplant recipients on immunosuppressants, hemodialysis, and high-dose glucocorticoids) to generally yield lower antibody titer responses, promoting the medical community to recommend booster doses for high-risk populations. More recent studies investigating the characteristics of patients with reduced humoral response to COVID-19 vaccines have shown elderly and immunosuppressed patients (i.e. BioNTech/PfizerвЂ™s BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccine has shown high clinical efficacy and excellent antibody response in both clinical trials and real-world settings.

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